Serialization.cpp

/***************************************************************************
 *                                                                         *
 *   Copyright (C) 2017-2025 Christian Schoenebeck                         *
 *                           <cuse@users.sourceforge.net>                  *
 *                                                                         *
 *   This library is part of libgig.                                       *
 *                                                                         *
 *   This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify  *
 *   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by  *
 *   the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or     *
 *   (at your option) any later version.                                   *
 *                                                                         *
 *   This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,       *
 *   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of        *
 *   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the         *
 *   GNU General Public License for more details.                          *
 *                                                                         *
 *   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License     *
 *   along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software           *
 *   Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,                 *
 *   MA  02111-1307  USA                                                   *
 ***************************************************************************/
 
// enable implementation specific declarations in Serialization.h required to
// build this C++ unit, which should be ignored in the public API though
#define LIBGIG_SERIALIZATION_INTERNAL 1
 
#include "Serialization.h"
 
#include <iostream>
#include <string.h> // for memcpy()
#include <stdlib.h> // for atof()
#include <cstdint> // for uintptr_t
#ifdef _MSC_VER
# include <windows.h>
# include <dbghelp.h>
#else
# include <cxxabi.h>
#endif
#include "helper.h"
 
#define LIBGIG_EPOCH_TIME ((time_t)0)
 
namespace Serialization {
 
    // *************** DataType ***************
    // *
 
    static UID _createNullUID() {
        const UID uid = { NULL, 0 };
        return uid;
    }
 
    const UID NO_UID = _createNullUID();
 
    bool UID::isValid() const {
        return id != NULL && id != (void*)-1 && size;
    }
 
    // *************** DataType ***************
    // *
 
    std::map<String,std::function<Object(Archive*)>> DataType::m_allocFns;
 
    DataType::DataType() {
        m_size = 0;
        m_isPointer = false;
    }
 
    DataType::DataType(bool isPointer, int size, String baseType,
                       String customType1, String customType2)
    {
        m_size = size;
        m_isPointer = isPointer;
        m_baseTypeName = baseType;
        m_customTypeName = customType1;
        m_customTypeName2 = customType2;
    }
 
    bool DataType::isValid() const {
        return m_size;
    }
 
    bool DataType::isPointer() const {
        return m_isPointer;
    }
 
    bool DataType::isClass() const {
        return m_baseTypeName == "class";
    }
 
    bool DataType::isPrimitive() const {
        return !isClass() && !isArray() && !isSet() && !isMap();
    }
 
    bool DataType::isString() const {
        return m_baseTypeName == "String";
    }
 
    bool DataType::isInteger() const {
        return m_baseTypeName.substr(0, 3) == "int" ||
               m_baseTypeName.substr(0, 4) == "uint";
    }
 
    bool DataType::isReal() const {
        return m_baseTypeName.substr(0, 4) == "real";
    }
 
    bool DataType::isBool() const {
        return m_baseTypeName == "bool";
    }
 
    bool DataType::isEnum() const {
        return m_baseTypeName == "enum";
    }
 
    bool DataType::isArray() const {
        return m_baseTypeName == "Array";
    }
 
    bool DataType::isSet() const {
        return m_baseTypeName == "Set";
    }
 
    bool DataType::isMap() const {
        return m_baseTypeName == "Map";
    }
 
    bool DataType::isSigned() const {
        return m_baseTypeName.substr(0, 3) == "int" ||
               isReal();
    }
 
    bool DataType::operator==(const DataType& other) const {
        return m_baseTypeName   == other.m_baseTypeName &&
               m_customTypeName == other.m_customTypeName &&
               m_customTypeName2 == other.m_customTypeName2 &&
               (m_size == other.m_size || (isClass() && other.isClass())) &&
               m_isPointer      == other.m_isPointer;
    }
 
    String DataType::internalID() const {
        return m_baseTypeName + "," +
               m_customTypeName + "," +
               m_customTypeName2 + "," +
               ToString(m_size)  + "," +
               ToString(isClass()) + "," +
               ToString(m_isPointer);
    }
 
    bool DataType::operator!=(const DataType& other) const {
        return !operator==(other);
    }
 
    bool DataType::operator<(const DataType& other) const {
        return m_baseTypeName  < other.m_baseTypeName ||
              (m_baseTypeName == other.m_baseTypeName &&
              (m_customTypeName  < other.m_customTypeName ||
              (m_customTypeName == other.m_customTypeName &&
              (m_customTypeName2  < other.m_customTypeName2 ||
              (m_customTypeName2 == other.m_customTypeName2 &&
              (m_size  < other.m_size ||
              (m_size == other.m_size &&
               m_isPointer < other.m_isPointer)))))));
    }
 
    bool DataType::operator>(const DataType& other) const {
        return !(operator==(other) || operator<(other));
    }
 
    String DataType::asLongDescr() const {
        String s = m_baseTypeName;
        if (!m_customTypeName.empty())
            s += " " + customTypeName(true);
        if (!m_customTypeName2.empty())
            s += " " + customTypeName2(true);
        if (isPointer())
            s += " pointer";
        return s;
    }
 
    String DataType::baseTypeName() const {
        return m_baseTypeName;
    }
 
    static String _demangleTypeName(const char* name) {
#ifdef _MSC_VER
        const size_t MAXLENGTH = 1024;
        char result[MAXLENGTH];
 
        //FIXME: calling UnDecorateSymbolName() is not thread safe!
        //Skip the first char
        size_t size = UnDecorateSymbolName(name + 1, result, MAXLENGTH, UNDNAME_32_BIT_DECODE | UNDNAME_NO_ARGUMENTS);
        if (size)
        {
            return result;
        }
        return name;
#else
        int status;
        char* result =
            abi::__cxa_demangle(name, 0, 0, &status);
        String sResult = result;
        free(result);
        return (status == 0) ? sResult : name;
#endif
    }
 
    String DataType::customTypeName(bool demangle) const {
        if (!demangle) return m_customTypeName;
        return _demangleTypeName(m_customTypeName.c_str());
    }
 
    String DataType::customTypeName2(bool demangle) const {
        if (!demangle) return m_customTypeName2;
        return _demangleTypeName(m_customTypeName2.c_str());
    }
 
    Object DataType::newInstance(Archive* archive) const {
        const String id = internalID();
        auto itAllocFn = m_allocFns.find(id);
        assert(itAllocFn != m_allocFns.end());
        const std::function<Object(Archive*)>& allocFn = itAllocFn->second;
        return allocFn(archive);
    }
 
    // *************** Member ***************
    // *
 
    Member::Member() {
        m_uid = NO_UID;
        m_offset = 0;
        m_parentUID = NO_UID;
    }
 
    Member::Member(String name, UID uid, ssize_t offset, DataType type, const Object& parent) {
        m_name = name;
        m_uid  = uid;
        m_offset = offset;
        m_type = type;
        m_parentUID = parent.uid();
    }
 
    UID Member::uid() const {
        return m_uid;
    }
 
    UID Member::parentUID() const {
        return m_parentUID;
    }
 
    String Member::name() const {
        return m_name;
    }
 
    ssize_t Member::offset() const {
        return m_offset;
    }
 
    const DataType& Member::type() const {
        return m_type;
    }
 
    bool Member::isValid() const {
        return m_uid && !m_name.empty() && m_type;
    }
 
    bool Member::operator==(const Member& other) const {
        return m_uid    == other.m_uid &&
               m_offset == other.m_offset &&
               m_name   == other.m_name &&
               m_type   == other.m_type;
    }
 
    bool Member::operator!=(const Member& other) const {
        return !operator==(other);
    }
 
    bool Member::operator<(const Member& other) const {
        return m_uid  < other.m_uid ||
              (m_uid == other.m_uid &&
              (m_offset  < other.m_offset ||
              (m_offset == other.m_offset &&
              (m_name  < other.m_name ||
              (m_name == other.m_name &&
               m_type < other.m_type)))));
    }
 
    bool Member::operator>(const Member& other) const {
        return !(operator==(other) || operator<(other));
    }
 
    // *************** Object ***************
    // *
 
    Object::Object() {
        m_parentUID = NO_UID;
        m_version = 0;
        m_minVersion = 0;
    }
 
    Object::Object(UIDChain uidChain, DataType type, const Object& parent) {
        m_type = type;
        m_uid  = uidChain;
        m_parentUID = parent.uid();
        m_version = 0;
        m_minVersion = 0;
        //m_data.resize(type.size());
    }
 
    bool Object::isValid() const {
        return m_type && !m_uid.empty();
    }
 
    UID Object::uid(int index) const {
        return (index < m_uid.size()) ? m_uid[index] : NO_UID;
    }
 
    UID Object::parentUID() const {
        return m_parentUID;
    }
 
    static void _setNativeValueFromString(void* ptr, const DataType& type, const char* s) {
        if (type.isPointer()) {
            // assuming hex encoding
            uintptr_t addr = std::stoull(s, NULL, 16);
            *(void**)ptr = reinterpret_cast<void*>(addr);
        } else if (type.isPrimitive()) {
            if (type.isInteger() || type.isEnum()) {
                if (type.isSigned()) {
                    if (type.size() == 1)
                        *(int8_t*)ptr = (int8_t) atoll(s);
                    else if (type.size() == 2)
                        *(int16_t*)ptr = (int16_t) atoll(s);
                    else if (type.size() == 4)
                        *(int32_t*)ptr = (int32_t) atoll(s);
                    else if (type.size() == 8)
                        *(int64_t*)ptr = (int64_t) atoll(s);
                    else
                        assert(false /* unknown signed int type size */);
                } else {
                    if (type.size() == 1)
                        *(uint8_t*)ptr = (uint8_t) atoll(s);
                    else if (type.size() == 2)
                        *(uint16_t*)ptr = (uint16_t) atoll(s);
                    else if (type.size() == 4)
                        *(uint32_t*)ptr = (uint32_t) atoll(s);
                    else if (type.size() == 8)
                        *(uint64_t*)ptr = (uint64_t) atoll(s);
                    else
                        assert(false /* unknown unsigned int type size */);
                }
            } else if (type.isReal()) {
                if (type.size() == sizeof(float))
                    *(float*)ptr = (float) atof(s);
                else if (type.size() == sizeof(double))
                    *(double*)ptr = (double) atof(s);
                else
                    assert(false /* unknown floating point type */);
            } else if (type.isBool()) {
                String lower = toLowerCase(s);
                const bool b = lower != "0" && lower != "false" && lower != "no";
                *(bool*)ptr = b;
            } else if (type.isString()) {
                *(String*)ptr = s;
            } else {
                assert(false /* no built-in cast from string support for this data type */);
            }
        }
    }
 
    void Object::setNativeValueFromString(const String& s) {
        const ID& id = uid().id;
        void* ptr = (void*)id;
        _setNativeValueFromString(ptr, m_type, s.c_str());
    }
 
    const UIDChain& Object::uidChain() const {
        return m_uid;
    }
 
    const DataType& Object::type() const {
        return m_type;
    }
 
    const RawData& Object::rawData() const {
        return m_data;
    }
 
    Version Object::version() const {
        return m_version;
    }
 
    Version Object::minVersion() const {
        return m_minVersion;
    }
 
    std::vector<Member>& Object::members() {
        return m_members;
    }
 
    const std::vector<Member>& Object::members() const {
        return m_members;
    }
 
    bool Object::operator==(const Object& other) const {
        // ignoring all other member variables here
        // (since UID stands for "unique" ;-) )
        return m_uid  == other.m_uid &&
               m_type == other.m_type;
    }
 
    bool Object::operator!=(const Object& other) const {
        return !operator==(other);
    }
 
    bool Object::operator<(const Object& other) const {
        // ignoring all other member variables here
        // (since UID stands for "unique" ;-) )
        return m_uid  < other.m_uid ||
              (m_uid == other.m_uid &&
               m_type < other.m_type);
    }
 
    bool Object::operator>(const Object& other) const {
        return !(operator==(other) || operator<(other));
    }
 
    bool Object::isVersionCompatibleTo(const Object& other) const {
        if (this->version() == other.version())
            return true;
        if (this->version() > other.version())
            return this->minVersion() <= other.version();
        else
            return other.minVersion() <= this->version();
    }
 
    void Object::setVersion(Version v) {
        m_version = v;
    }
 
    void Object::setMinVersion(Version v) {
        m_minVersion = v;
    }
 
    Member Object::memberNamed(String name) const {
        for (int i = 0; i < m_members.size(); ++i)
            if (m_members[i].name() == name)
                return m_members[i];
        return Member();
    }
 
    Member Object::memberByUID(const UID& uid) const {
        if (!uid) return Member();
        for (int i = 0; i < m_members.size(); ++i)
            if (m_members[i].uid() == uid)
                return m_members[i];
        return Member();
    }
 
    void Object::remove(const Member& member) {
        for (int i = 0; i < m_members.size(); ++i) {
            if (m_members[i] == member) {
                m_members.erase(m_members.begin() + i);
                return;
            }
        }
    }
 
    std::vector<Member> Object::membersOfType(const DataType& type) const {
        std::vector<Member> v;
        for (int i = 0; i < m_members.size(); ++i) {
            const Member& member = m_members[i];
            if (member.type() == type)
                v.push_back(member);
        }
        return v;
    }
 
    int Object::sequenceIndexOf(const Member& member) const {
        for (int i = 0; i < m_members.size(); ++i)
            if (m_members[i] == member)
                return i;
        return -1;
    }
 
    // *************** Archive ***************
    // *
 
    Archive::Archive() {
        m_operation = OPERATION_NONE;
        m_root = NO_UID;
        m_isModified = false;
        m_timeCreated = m_timeModified = LIBGIG_EPOCH_TIME;
    }
 
    Archive::Archive(const RawData& data) {
        m_operation = OPERATION_NONE;
        m_root = NO_UID;
        m_isModified = false;
        m_timeCreated = m_timeModified = LIBGIG_EPOCH_TIME;
        decode(data);
    }
 
    Archive::Archive(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
        m_operation = OPERATION_NONE;
        m_root = NO_UID;
        m_isModified = false;
        m_timeCreated = m_timeModified = LIBGIG_EPOCH_TIME;
        decode(data, size);
    }
 
    Archive::~Archive() {
    }
 
    Object& Archive::rootObject() {
        return m_allObjects[m_root];
    }
 
    static String _encodeBlob(String data) {
        return ToString(data.length()) + ":" + data;
    }
 
    static String _encode(const UID& uid) {
        String s;
        s += _encodeBlob(ToString(size_t(uid.id)));
        s += _encodeBlob(ToString(size_t(uid.size)));
        return _encodeBlob(s);
    }
 
    static String _encode(const time_t& time) {
        return _encodeBlob(ToString(time));
    }
 
    static String _encode(const DataType& type) {
        String s;
 
        // Srx v1.0 format (mandatory):
        s += _encodeBlob(type.baseTypeName());
        s += _encodeBlob(type.customTypeName());
        s += _encodeBlob(ToString(type.size()));
        s += _encodeBlob(ToString(type.isPointer()));
 
        // Srx v1.1 format:
        s += _encodeBlob(type.customTypeName2());
 
        return _encodeBlob(s);
    }
 
    static String _encode(const UIDChain& chain) {
        String s;
        for (int i = 0; i < chain.size(); ++i)
            s += _encode(chain[i]);
        return _encodeBlob(s);
    }
 
    static String _encode(const Member& member) {
        String s;
        s += _encode(member.uid());
        s += _encodeBlob(ToString(member.offset()));
        s += _encodeBlob(member.name());
        s += _encode(member.type());
        return _encodeBlob(s);
    }
 
    static String _encode(const std::vector<Member>& members) {
        String s;
        for (int i = 0; i < members.size(); ++i)
            s += _encode(members[i]);
        return _encodeBlob(s);
    }
 
    static String _primitiveObjectValueToString(const Object& obj) {
        String s;
        const DataType& type = obj.type();
        const ID& id = obj.uid().id;
        void* ptr = obj.m_data.empty() ? (void*)id : (void*)&obj.m_data[0];
        if (!obj.m_data.empty())
            assert(type.size() == obj.m_data.size());
        if (type.isPrimitive() && !type.isPointer()) {
            if (type.isInteger() || type.isEnum()) {
                if (type.isSigned()) {
                    if (type.size() == 1)
                        s = ToString((int16_t)*(int8_t*)ptr); // int16_t: prevent ToString() to render an ASCII character
                    else if (type.size() == 2)
                        s = ToString(*(int16_t*)ptr);
                    else if (type.size() == 4)
                        s = ToString(*(int32_t*)ptr);
                    else if (type.size() == 8)
                        s = ToString(*(int64_t*)ptr);
                    else
                        assert(false /* unknown signed int type size */);
                } else {
                    if (type.size() == 1)
                        s = ToString((uint16_t)*(uint8_t*)ptr); // uint16_t: prevent ToString() to render an ASCII character
                    else if (type.size() == 2)
                        s = ToString(*(uint16_t*)ptr);
                    else if (type.size() == 4)
                        s = ToString(*(uint32_t*)ptr);
                    else if (type.size() == 8)
                        s = ToString(*(uint64_t*)ptr);
                    else
                        assert(false /* unknown unsigned int type size */);
                }
            } else if (type.isReal()) {
                if (type.size() == sizeof(float))
                    s = ToString(*(float*)ptr);
                else if (type.size() == sizeof(double))
                    s = ToString(*(double*)ptr);
                else
                    assert(false /* unknown floating point type */);
            } else if (type.isBool()) {
                s = ToString(*(bool*)ptr);
            } else if (type.isString()) {
                s = obj.m_data.empty() ? *(String*)ptr : String((const char*)ptr);
            } else {
                assert(false /* unknown primitive type */);
            }
        }
        return s;
    }
 
    template<typename T>
    inline T _stringToNumber(const String& s) {
        assert(false /* String cast to unknown primitive number type */);
    }
 
    template<>
    inline int64_t _stringToNumber(const String& s) {
        return atoll(s.c_str());
    }
 
    template<>
    inline double _stringToNumber(const String& s) {
        return atof(s.c_str());
    }
 
    template<>
    inline bool _stringToNumber(const String& s) {
        return (bool) atoll(s.c_str());
    }
 
    template<typename T>
    static T _primitiveObjectValueToNumber(const Object& obj) {
        T value = 0;
        const DataType& type = obj.type();
        const ID& id = obj.uid().id;
        void* ptr = obj.m_data.empty() ? (void*)id : (void*)&obj.m_data[0];
        if (!obj.m_data.empty())
            assert(type.size() == obj.m_data.size());
        if (type.isPrimitive() && !type.isPointer()) {
            if (type.isInteger() || type.isEnum()) {
                if (type.isSigned()) {
                    if (type.size() == 1)
                        value = (T)*(int8_t*)ptr;
                    else if (type.size() == 2)
                        value = (T)*(int16_t*)ptr;
                    else if (type.size() == 4)
                        value = (T)*(int32_t*)ptr;
                    else if (type.size() == 8)
                        value = (T)*(int64_t*)ptr;
                    else
                        assert(false /* unknown signed int type size */);
                } else {
                    if (type.size() == 1)
                        value = (T)*(uint8_t*)ptr;
                    else if (type.size() == 2)
                        value = (T)*(uint16_t*)ptr;
                    else if (type.size() == 4)
                        value = (T)*(uint32_t*)ptr;
                    else if (type.size() == 8)
                        value = (T)*(uint64_t*)ptr;
                    else
                        assert(false /* unknown unsigned int type size */);
                }
            } else if (type.isReal()) {
                if (type.size() == sizeof(float))
                    value = (T)*(float*)ptr;
                else if (type.size() == sizeof(double))
                    value = (T)*(double*)ptr;
                else
                    assert(false /* unknown floating point type */);
            } else if (type.isBool()) {
                value = (T)*(bool*)ptr;
            } else if (type.isString()) {
                value = _stringToNumber<T>(
                    obj.m_data.empty() ? *(String*)ptr : String((const char*)ptr)
                );
            } else {
                assert(false /* unknown primitive type */);
            }
        }
        return value;
    }
 
    static String _encodePrimitiveValue(const Object& obj) {
        return _encodeBlob( _primitiveObjectValueToString(obj) );
    }
 
    static String _encode(const Object& obj) {
        String s;
        s += _encode(obj.type());
        s += _encodeBlob(ToString(obj.version()));
        s += _encodeBlob(ToString(obj.minVersion()));
        s += _encode(obj.uidChain());
        s += _encode(obj.members());
        s += _encodePrimitiveValue(obj);
        // Srx v1.2 format:
        s += _encode(obj.parentUID());
 
        return _encodeBlob(s);
    }
 
    String _encode(const Archive::ObjectPool& objects) {
        String s;
        for (Archive::ObjectPool::const_iterator itObject = objects.begin();
             itObject != objects.end(); ++itObject)
        {
            const Object& obj = itObject->second;
            s += _encode(obj);
        }
        return _encodeBlob(s);
    }
 
    /*
     * Srx format history:
     * - 1.0: Initial version.
     * - 1.1: Adds "String", "Array", "Set" and "Map" data types and an optional
     *        2nd custom type name (e.g. "Map" types which always contain two
     *        user defined types).
     * - 1.2: Stores objects' parent UID, which projects which native data
     *        structure was contained within the boundaries of which specific
     *        other data structure. This permits to automatically restore native
     *        pointers, as structured layout info is required to identify
     *        whether a pointer was just a "weak" pointer or a "strong" pointer.
     *        For a "strong" pointer the pointed data has to be allocated
     *        automatically by this framework, whereas for "weak" pointers not.
     */
    #define MAGIC_START "Srx1v"
    #define ENCODING_FORMAT_MINOR_VERSION 2
 
    String Archive::_encodeRootBlob() {
        String s;
        s += _encodeBlob(ToString(ENCODING_FORMAT_MINOR_VERSION));
        s += _encode(m_root);
        s += _encode(m_allObjects);
        s += _encodeBlob(m_name);
        s += _encodeBlob(m_comment);
        s += _encode(m_timeCreated);
        s += _encode(m_timeModified);
        return _encodeBlob(s);
    }
 
    void Archive::encode() {
        m_rawData.clear();
        String s = MAGIC_START;
        m_timeModified = time(NULL);
        if (m_timeCreated == LIBGIG_EPOCH_TIME)
            m_timeCreated = m_timeModified;
        s += _encodeRootBlob();
        m_rawData.resize(s.length() + 1);
        memcpy(&m_rawData[0], &s[0], s.length() + 1);
        m_isModified = false;
    }
 
    struct _Blob {
        const char* p;
        const char* end;
    };
 
    static _Blob _decodeBlob(const char* p, const char* end, bool bThrow = true) {
        if (!bThrow && p >= end) {
            const _Blob blob =  { p, end };
            return blob;
        }
        size_t sz = 0;
        for (; true; ++p) {
            if (p >= end)
                throw Exception("Decode Error: Missing blob");
            const char& c = *p;
            if (c == ':') break;
            if (c < '0' || c > '9')
                throw Exception("Decode Error: Missing blob size");
            sz *= 10;
            sz += size_t(c - '0');
        }
        ++p;
        if (p + sz > end)
            throw Exception("Decode Error: Premature end of blob");
        const _Blob blob = { p, p + sz };
        return blob;
    }
 
    template<typename T_int>
    static T_int _popIntBlob(const char*& p, const char* end) {
        _Blob blob = _decodeBlob(p, end);
        p   = blob.p;
        end = blob.end;
 
        T_int sign = 1;
        T_int i = 0;
        if (p >= end)
            throw Exception("Decode Error: premature end of int blob");
        if (*p == '-') {
            sign = -1;
            ++p;
        }
        for (; p < end; ++p) {
            const char& c = *p;
            if (c < '0' || c > '9')
                throw Exception("Decode Error: Invalid int blob format");
            i *= 10;
            i += size_t(c - '0');
        }
        return i * sign;
    }
 
    template<typename T_int>
    static void _popIntBlob(const char*& p, const char* end, RawData& rawData) {
        const T_int i = _popIntBlob<T_int>(p, end);
        *(T_int*)&rawData[0] = i;
    }
 
    template<typename T_real>
    static T_real _popRealBlob(const char*& p, const char* end) {
        _Blob blob = _decodeBlob(p, end);
        p   = blob.p;
        end = blob.end;
 
        if (p >= end || (end - p) < 1)
            throw Exception("Decode Error: premature end of real blob");
 
        String s(p, size_t(end - p));
 
        T_real r;
        if (sizeof(T_real) <= sizeof(double))
            r = atof(s.c_str());
        else
            assert(false /* unknown real type */);
 
        p += s.length();
 
        return r;
    }
 
    template<typename T_real>
    static void _popRealBlob(const char*& p, const char* end, RawData& rawData) {
        const T_real r = _popRealBlob<T_real>(p, end);
        *(T_real*)&rawData[0] = r;
    }
 
    static String _popStringBlob(const char*& p, const char* end) {
        _Blob blob = _decodeBlob(p, end);
        p   = blob.p;
        end = blob.end;
        if (end - p < 0)
            throw Exception("Decode Error: missing String blob");
        String s;
        const size_t sz = end - p;
        s.resize(sz);
        memcpy(&s[0], p, sz);
        p += sz;
        return s;
    }
 
    static void _popStringBlob(const char*& p, const char* end, RawData& rawData) {
        String s = _popStringBlob(p, end);
        rawData.resize(s.length() + 1);
        strcpy((char*)&rawData[0], &s[0]);
    }
 
    static time_t _popTimeBlob(const char*& p, const char* end) {
        const uint64_t i = _popIntBlob<uint64_t>(p, end);
        return (time_t) i;
    }
 
    static DataType _popDataTypeBlob(const char*& p, const char* end) {
        _Blob blob = _decodeBlob(p, end);
        p   = blob.p;
        end = blob.end;
 
        DataType type;
 
        // Srx v1.0 format (mandatory):
        type.m_baseTypeName   = _popStringBlob(p, end);
        type.m_customTypeName = _popStringBlob(p, end);
        type.m_size           = _popIntBlob<int>(p, end);
        type.m_isPointer      = _popIntBlob<bool>(p, end);
 
        // Srx v1.1 format (optional):
        if (p < end)
            type.m_customTypeName2 = _popStringBlob(p, end);
 
        return type;
    }
 
    static UID _popUIDBlob(const char*& p, const char* end) {
        _Blob blob = _decodeBlob(p, end);
        p   = blob.p;
        end = blob.end;
 
        if (p >= end)
            throw Exception("Decode Error: premature end of UID blob");
 
        const ID id = (ID) _popIntBlob<size_t>(p, end);
        const size_t size = _popIntBlob<size_t>(p, end);
 
        const UID uid = { id, size };
        return uid;
    }
 
    static UIDChain _popUIDChainBlob(const char*& p, const char* end) {
        _Blob blob = _decodeBlob(p, end);
        p   = blob.p;
        end = blob.end;
 
        UIDChain chain;
        while (p < end) {
            const UID uid = _popUIDBlob(p, end);
            chain.push_back(uid);
        }
        assert(!chain.empty());
        return chain;
    }
 
    static Member _popMemberBlob(const char*& p, const char* end) {
        _Blob blob = _decodeBlob(p, end, false);
        p   = blob.p;
        end = blob.end;
 
        Member m;
        if (p >= end) return m;
 
        m.m_uid    = _popUIDBlob(p, end);
        m.m_offset = _popIntBlob<ssize_t>(p, end);
        m.m_name   = _popStringBlob(p, end);
        m.m_type   = _popDataTypeBlob(p, end);
        assert(m.type());
        assert(!m.name().empty());
        assert(m.uid().isValid());
        return m;
    }
 
    static std::vector<Member> _popMembersBlob(const char*& p, const char* end) {
        _Blob blob = _decodeBlob(p, end, false);
        p   = blob.p;
        end = blob.end;
 
        std::vector<Member> members;
        while (p < end) {
            const Member member = _popMemberBlob(p, end);
            if (member)
                members.push_back(member);
            else
                break;
        }
        return members;
    }
 
    static void _popPrimitiveValue(const char*& p, const char* end, Object& obj) {
        const DataType& type = obj.type();
        if (type.isPrimitive() && !type.isPointer()) {
            obj.m_data.resize(type.size());
            if (type.isInteger() || type.isEnum()) {
                if (type.isSigned()) {
                    if (type.size() == 1)
                        _popIntBlob<int8_t>(p, end, obj.m_data);
                    else if (type.size() == 2)
                        _popIntBlob<int16_t>(p, end, obj.m_data);
                    else if (type.size() == 4)
                        _popIntBlob<int32_t>(p, end, obj.m_data);
                    else if (type.size() == 8)
                        _popIntBlob<int64_t>(p, end, obj.m_data);
                    else
                        assert(false /* unknown signed int type size */);
                } else {
                    if (type.size() == 1)
                        _popIntBlob<uint8_t>(p, end, obj.m_data);
                    else if (type.size() == 2)
                        _popIntBlob<uint16_t>(p, end, obj.m_data);
                    else if (type.size() == 4)
                        _popIntBlob<uint32_t>(p, end, obj.m_data);
                    else if (type.size() == 8)
                        _popIntBlob<uint64_t>(p, end, obj.m_data);
                    else
                        assert(false /* unknown unsigned int type size */);
                }
            } else if (type.isReal()) {
                if (type.size() == sizeof(float))
                    _popRealBlob<float>(p, end, obj.m_data);
                else if (type.size() == sizeof(double))
                    _popRealBlob<double>(p, end, obj.m_data);
                else
                    assert(false /* unknown floating point type */);
            } else if (type.isBool()) {
                _popIntBlob<uint8_t>(p, end, obj.m_data);
            } else if (type.isString()) {
                _popStringBlob(p, end, obj.m_data);
            } else {
                assert(false /* unknown primitive type */);
            }
 
        } else {
            // don't whine if the empty blob was not added on encoder side
            _Blob blob = _decodeBlob(p, end, false);
            p   = blob.p;
            end = blob.end;
        }
    }
 
    static Object _popObjectBlob(const char*& p, const char* end) {
        _Blob blob = _decodeBlob(p, end, false);
        p   = blob.p;
        end = blob.end;
 
        Object obj;
        if (p >= end) return obj;
 
        obj.m_type       = _popDataTypeBlob(p, end);
        obj.m_version    = _popIntBlob<Version>(p, end);
        obj.m_minVersion = _popIntBlob<Version>(p, end);
        obj.m_uid        = _popUIDChainBlob(p, end);
        obj.m_members    = _popMembersBlob(p, end);
        _popPrimitiveValue(p, end, obj);
        assert(obj.type());
 
        // Srx v1.2 format (optional):
        if (p < end)
            obj.m_parentUID = _popUIDBlob(p, end);
 
        return obj;
    }
 
    void Archive::_popObjectsBlob(const char*& p, const char* end) {
        _Blob blob = _decodeBlob(p, end, false);
        p   = blob.p;
        end = blob.end;
 
        if (p >= end)
            throw Exception("Decode Error: Premature end of objects blob");
 
        while (true) {
            const Object obj = _popObjectBlob(p, end);
            if (!obj) break;
            m_allObjects[obj.uid()] = obj;
        }
    }
 
    void Archive::_popRootBlob(const char*& p, const char* end) {
        _Blob blob = _decodeBlob(p, end, false);
        p   = blob.p;
        end = blob.end;
 
        if (p >= end)
            throw Exception("Decode Error: Premature end of root blob");
 
        // just in case this encoding format will be extended in future
        // (currently not used)
        const int formatMinorVersion = _popIntBlob<int>(p, end);
 
        m_root = _popUIDBlob(p, end);
        if (!m_root)
            throw Exception("Decode Error: No root object");
 
        _popObjectsBlob(p, end);
        if (!m_allObjects[m_root])
            throw Exception("Decode Error: Missing declared root object");
 
        m_name = _popStringBlob(p, end);
        m_comment = _popStringBlob(p, end);
        m_timeCreated = _popTimeBlob(p, end);
        m_timeModified = _popTimeBlob(p, end);
    }
 
    void Archive::decode(const RawData& data) {
        m_rawData = data;
        m_allObjects.clear();
        m_isModified = false;
        m_timeCreated = m_timeModified = LIBGIG_EPOCH_TIME;
        const char* p   = (const char*) &data[0];
        const char* end = p + data.size();
        if (memcmp(p, MAGIC_START, std::min(strlen(MAGIC_START), data.size())))
            throw Exception("Decode Error: Magic start missing!");
        p += strlen(MAGIC_START);
        _popRootBlob(p, end);
    }
 
    void Archive::decode(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
        RawData rawData;
        rawData.resize(size);
        memcpy(&rawData[0], data, size);
        decode(rawData);
    }
 
    const RawData& Archive::rawData() {
        if (m_isModified) encode();
        return m_rawData;
    }
 
    String Archive::rawDataFormat() const {
        return MAGIC_START;
    }
 
    bool Archive::isModified() const {
        return m_isModified;
    }
 
    void Archive::clear() {
        m_allObjects.clear();
        m_operation = OPERATION_NONE;
        m_root = NO_UID;
        m_rawData.clear();
        m_isModified = false;
        m_timeCreated = m_timeModified = LIBGIG_EPOCH_TIME;
    }
 
    String Archive::name() const {
        return m_name;
    }
 
    void Archive::setName(String name) {
        if (m_name == name) return;
        m_name = name;
        m_isModified = true;
    }
 
    String Archive::comment() const {
        return m_comment;
    }
 
    void Archive::setComment(String comment) {
        if (m_comment == comment) return;
        m_comment = comment;
        m_isModified = true;
    }
 
    static tm _convertTimeStamp(const time_t& time, time_base_t base) {
        tm* pTm;
        switch (base) {
            case LOCAL_TIME:
                pTm = localtime(&time);
                break;
            case UTC_TIME:
                pTm = gmtime(&time);
                break;
            default:
                throw Exception("Time stamp with unknown time base (" + ToString((int64_t)base) + ") requested");
        }
        if (!pTm)
            throw Exception("Failed assembling time stamp structure");
        return *pTm;
    }
 
    time_t Archive::timeStampCreated() const {
        return m_timeCreated;
    }
 
    time_t Archive::timeStampModified() const {
        return m_timeModified;
    }
 
    tm Archive::dateTimeCreated(time_base_t base) const {
        return _convertTimeStamp(m_timeCreated, base);
    }
 
    tm Archive::dateTimeModified(time_base_t base) const {
        return _convertTimeStamp(m_timeModified, base);
    }
 
    void Archive::removeMember(Object& parent, const Member& member) {
        parent.remove(member);
        m_isModified = true;
    }
 
    void Archive::remove(const Object& obj) {
        //FIXME: Should traverse from root object and remove all members associated with this object
        if (!obj.uid()) return;
        m_allObjects.erase(obj.uid());
        m_isModified = true;
    }
 
    Object& Archive::objectByUID(const UID& uid) {
        return m_allObjects[uid];
    }
 
    Object& Archive::parentObjectOf(const Object& obj) {
        return m_allObjects[obj.parentUID()];
    }
 
    Object& Archive::parentObjectOf(const Member& member) {
        return m_allObjects[member.parentUID()];
    }
 
    void Archive::setVersion(Object& object, Version v) {
        if (!object) return;
        object.setVersion(v);
        m_isModified = true;
    }
 
    void Archive::setMinVersion(Object& object, Version v) {
        if (!object) return;
        object.setMinVersion(v);
        m_isModified = true;
    }
 
    void Archive::setEnumValue(Object& object, uint64_t value) {
        if (!object) return;
        if (!object.type().isEnum())
            throw Exception("Not an enum data type");
        Object* pObject = &object;
        if (object.type().isPointer()) {
            Object& obj = objectByUID(object.uid(1));
            if (!obj) return;
            pObject = &obj;
        }
        const int nativeEnumSize = sizeof(enum operation_t);
        DataType& type = const_cast<DataType&>( pObject->type() );
        // original serializer ("sender") might have had a different word size
        // than this machine, adjust type object in this case
        if (type.size() != nativeEnumSize) {
            type.m_size = nativeEnumSize;
        }
        pObject->m_data.resize(type.size());
        void* ptr = &pObject->m_data[0];
        if (type.size() == 1)
            *(uint8_t*)ptr = (uint8_t)value;
        else if (type.size() == 2)
            *(uint16_t*)ptr = (uint16_t)value;
        else if (type.size() == 4)
            *(uint32_t*)ptr = (uint32_t)value;
        else if (type.size() == 8)
            *(uint64_t*)ptr = (uint64_t)value;
        else
            assert(false /* unknown enum type size */);
        m_isModified = true;
    }
 
    void Archive::setIntValue(Object& object, int64_t value) {
        if (!object) return;
        if (!object.type().isInteger())
            throw Exception("Not an integer data type");
        Object* pObject = &object;
        if (object.type().isPointer()) {
            Object& obj = objectByUID(object.uid(1));
            if (!obj) return;
            pObject = &obj;
        }
        const DataType& type = pObject->type();
        pObject->m_data.resize(type.size());
        void* ptr = &pObject->m_data[0];
        if (type.isSigned()) {
            if (type.size() == 1)
                *(int8_t*)ptr = (int8_t)value;
            else if (type.size() == 2)
                *(int16_t*)ptr = (int16_t)value;
            else if (type.size() == 4)
                *(int32_t*)ptr = (int32_t)value;
            else if (type.size() == 8)
                *(int64_t*)ptr = (int64_t)value;
            else
                assert(false /* unknown signed int type size */);
        } else {
            if (type.size() == 1)
                *(uint8_t*)ptr = (uint8_t)value;
            else if (type.size() == 2)
                *(uint16_t*)ptr = (uint16_t)value;
            else if (type.size() == 4)
                *(uint32_t*)ptr = (uint32_t)value;
            else if (type.size() == 8)
                *(uint64_t*)ptr = (uint64_t)value;
            else
                assert(false /* unknown unsigned int type size */);
        }
        m_isModified = true;
    }
 
    void Archive::setRealValue(Object& object, double value) {
        if (!object) return;
        if (!object.type().isReal())
            throw Exception("Not a real data type");
        Object* pObject = &object;
        if (object.type().isPointer()) {
            Object& obj = objectByUID(object.uid(1));
            if (!obj) return;
            pObject = &obj;
        }
        const DataType& type = pObject->type();
        pObject->m_data.resize(type.size());
        void* ptr = &pObject->m_data[0];
        if (type.size() == sizeof(float))
            *(float*)ptr = (float)value;
        else if (type.size() == sizeof(double))
            *(double*)ptr = (double)value;
        else
            assert(false /* unknown real type size */);
        m_isModified = true;
    }
 
    void Archive::setBoolValue(Object& object, bool value) {
        if (!object) return;
        if (!object.type().isBool())
            throw Exception("Not a bool data type");
        Object* pObject = &object;
        if (object.type().isPointer()) {
            Object& obj = objectByUID(object.uid(1));
            if (!obj) return;
            pObject = &obj;
        }
        const DataType& type = pObject->type();
        pObject->m_data.resize(type.size());
        bool* ptr = (bool*)&pObject->m_data[0];
        *ptr = value;
        m_isModified = true;
    }
 
    void Archive::setStringValue(Object& object, String value) {
        if (!object) return;
        if (!object.type().isString())
            throw Exception("Not a String data type");
        Object* pObject = &object;
        if (object.type().isPointer()) {
            Object& obj = objectByUID(object.uid(1));
            if (!obj) return;
            pObject = &obj;
        }
        pObject->m_data.resize(value.length() + 1);
        char* ptr = (char*) &pObject->m_data[0];
        strcpy(ptr, &value[0]);
        m_isModified = true;
    }
 
    void Archive::setAutoValue(Object& object, String value) {
        if (!object) return;
        const DataType& type = object.type();
        if (type.isInteger())
            setIntValue(object, atoll(value.c_str()));
        else if (type.isReal())
            setRealValue(object, atof(value.c_str()));
        else if (type.isBool()) {
            String val = toLowerCase(value);
            if (val == "true" || val == "yes" || val == "1")
                setBoolValue(object, true);
            else if (val == "false" || val == "no" || val == "0")
                setBoolValue(object, false);
            else
                setBoolValue(object, atof(value.c_str()));
        } else if (type.isString())
            setStringValue(object, value);
        else if (type.isEnum())
            setEnumValue(object, atoll(value.c_str()));
        else
            throw Exception("Not a primitive data type");
    }
 
    String Archive::valueAsString(const Object& object) {
        if (!object)
            throw Exception("Invalid object");
        if (object.type().isClass())
            throw Exception("Object is class type");
        const Object* pObject = &object;
        if (object.type().isPointer()) {
            const Object& obj = objectByUID(object.uid(1));
            if (!obj) return "";
            pObject = &obj;
        }
        return _primitiveObjectValueToString(*pObject);
    }
 
    int64_t Archive::valueAsInt(const Object& object) {
        if (!object)
            throw Exception("Invalid object");
        if (!object.type().isInteger() && !object.type().isEnum())
            throw Exception("Object is neither an integer nor an enum");
        const Object* pObject = &object;
        if (object.type().isPointer()) {
            const Object& obj = objectByUID(object.uid(1));
            if (!obj) return 0;
            pObject = &obj;
        }
        return _primitiveObjectValueToNumber<int64_t>(*pObject);
    }
 
    double Archive::valueAsReal(const Object& object) {
        if (!object)
            throw Exception("Invalid object");
        if (!object.type().isReal())
            throw Exception("Object is not an real type");
        const Object* pObject = &object;
        if (object.type().isPointer()) {
            const Object& obj = objectByUID(object.uid(1));
            if (!obj) return 0;
            pObject = &obj;
        }
        return _primitiveObjectValueToNumber<double>(*pObject);
    }
 
    bool Archive::valueAsBool(const Object& object) {
        if (!object)
            throw Exception("Invalid object");
        if (!object.type().isBool())
            throw Exception("Object is not a bool");
        const Object* pObject = &object;
        if (object.type().isPointer()) {
            const Object& obj = objectByUID(object.uid(1));
            if (!obj) return 0;
            pObject = &obj;
        }
        return _primitiveObjectValueToNumber<bool>(*pObject);
    }
 
    Archive::operation_t Archive::operation() const {
        return m_operation;
    }
 
    // *************** Archive::Syncer ***************
    // *
 
    Archive::Syncer::Syncer(Archive& dst, Archive& src)
       : m_dst(dst), m_src(src)
    {
        const Object srcRootObj = src.rootObject();
        const Object dstRootObj = dst.rootObject();
        if (!srcRootObj)
            throw Exception("No source root object!");
        if (!dstRootObj)
            throw Exception("Expected destination root object not found!");
        syncObject(dstRootObj, srcRootObj);
    }
 
    void Archive::Syncer::syncPrimitive(const Object& dstObj, const Object& srcObj) {
        assert(srcObj.rawData().size() == dstObj.type().size());
        void* pDst = (void*)dstObj.uid().id;
        memcpy(pDst, &srcObj.rawData()[0], dstObj.type().size());
    }
 
    void Archive::Syncer::syncString(const Object& dstObj, const Object& srcObj) {
        assert(dstObj.type().isString());
        assert(dstObj.type() == srcObj.type());
        String* pDst = (String*)(void*)dstObj.uid().id;
        *pDst = (String) (const char*) &srcObj.rawData()[0];
    }
 
    void Archive::Syncer::syncArray(const Object& dstObj, const Object& srcObj) {
        assert(dstObj.type().isArray());
        assert(dstObj.type() == srcObj.type());
        dstObj.m_sync(const_cast<Object&>(dstObj), srcObj, this);
    }
 
    void Archive::Syncer::syncSet(const Object& dstObj, const Object& srcObj) {
        assert(dstObj.type().isSet());
        assert(dstObj.type() == srcObj.type());
        dstObj.m_sync(const_cast<Object&>(dstObj), srcObj, this);
    }
 
    void Archive::Syncer::syncMap(const Object& dstObj, const Object& srcObj) {
        assert(dstObj.type().isMap());
        assert(dstObj.type() == srcObj.type());
        dstObj.m_sync(const_cast<Object&>(dstObj), srcObj, this);
    }
 
    void Archive::Syncer::syncPointer(const Object& dstObj, const Object& srcObj) {
        assert(dstObj.type().isPointer());
        assert(dstObj.type() == srcObj.type());
        void** ppDst = (void**)dstObj.uid().id;
        if (!srcObj.uid(1)) { // NULL pointer on source side ...
            *ppDst = NULL;
            return;
        }
        const Object& pointedSrcObject = m_src.m_allObjects[srcObj.uid(1)];
        std::map<UID,UID>::iterator uidRelation = m_counterparts.find(srcObj.uid(1));
        if (pointedSrcObject.parentUID() || uidRelation != m_counterparts.end()) { // "weak" pointer to object ...
            assert(uidRelation != m_counterparts.end());
            const Object& pointedDstObject = m_dst.m_allObjects[uidRelation->second];
            assert(pointedDstObject);
            *ppDst = (void*)pointedDstObject.uid().id;
        } else { // "strong" pointer to object, allocation required ...
            assert(pointedSrcObject.type());
            Object pointedDstObject = pointedSrcObject.type().newInstance(&m_dst);
            assert(pointedDstObject);
 
            m_dst.m_allObjects[pointedDstObject.uid()] = pointedDstObject;
            *ppDst = (void*)pointedDstObject.uid().id;
            syncObject(pointedDstObject, pointedSrcObject);
        }
    }
 
    void Archive::Syncer::syncObject(const Object& dstObj, const Object& srcObj) {
        assert(dstObj && srcObj);
 
        // remember UID mapping between source and destination side
        //
        // As UIDs differ between source archive side and destination archive
        // side (as UIDs always translate to native data's real memory address),
        // remember their relationship, such that we can later on translate
        // objects from source archive side correctly to objects on destination
        // side, which is required to sync native pointers correctly for
        // pointing to respective correct, real memory address.
        const bool alreadySynced =
            !m_counterparts.insert({srcObj.uid(), dstObj.uid()}).second;
 
        // Prevent syncing this object again, and thus also prevent endless
        // loop on data structures with cyclic relations.
        if (alreadySynced)
            return; // end of recursion
 
        if (!dstObj.isVersionCompatibleTo(srcObj))
            throw Exception("Version incompatible (destination version " +
                            ToString(dstObj.version()) + " [min. version " +
                            ToString(dstObj.minVersion()) + "], source version " +
                            ToString(srcObj.version()) + " [min. version " +
                            ToString(srcObj.minVersion()) + "])");
        if (dstObj.type() != srcObj.type())
            throw Exception("Incompatible data structure type (destination type " +
                            dstObj.type().asLongDescr() + " vs. source type " +
                            srcObj.type().asLongDescr() + ")");
 
        if (dstObj.type().isPrimitive() && !dstObj.type().isPointer()) {
            if (dstObj.type().isString())
                syncString(dstObj, srcObj);
            else
                syncPrimitive(dstObj, srcObj);
            return; // end of recursion
        }
 
        if (dstObj.type().isArray()) {
            syncArray(dstObj, srcObj);
            return;
        }
 
        if (dstObj.type().isSet()) {
            syncSet(dstObj, srcObj);
            return;
        }
 
        if (dstObj.type().isMap()) {
            syncMap(dstObj, srcObj);
            return;
        }
 
        if (dstObj.type().isPointer()) {
            syncPointer(dstObj, srcObj);
            return;
        }
 
        assert(dstObj.type().isClass());
        for (int iMember = 0; iMember < srcObj.members().size(); ++iMember) {
            const Member& srcMember = srcObj.members()[iMember];
            Member dstMember = dstMemberMatching(dstObj, srcObj, srcMember);
            if (!dstMember)
                throw Exception("Expected member missing in destination object");
            syncMember(dstMember, srcMember);
        }
    }
 
    Member Archive::Syncer::dstMemberMatching(const Object& dstObj, const Object& srcObj, const Member& srcMember) {
        Member dstMember = dstObj.memberNamed(srcMember.name());
        if (dstMember)
            return (dstMember.type() == srcMember.type()) ? dstMember : Member();
        std::vector<Member> members = dstObj.membersOfType(srcMember.type());
        if (members.size() <= 0)
            return Member();
        if (members.size() == 1)
            return members[0];
        for (int i = 0; i < members.size(); ++i)
            if (members[i].offset() == srcMember.offset())
                return members[i];
        const int srcSeqNr = srcObj.sequenceIndexOf(srcMember);
        assert(srcSeqNr >= 0); // should never happen, otherwise there is a bug
        for (int i = 0; i < members.size(); ++i) {
            const int dstSeqNr = dstObj.sequenceIndexOf(members[i]);
            if (dstSeqNr == srcSeqNr)
                return members[i];
        }
        return Member(); // give up!
    }
 
    void Archive::Syncer::syncMember(const Member& dstMember, const Member& srcMember) {
        assert(dstMember && srcMember);
        assert(dstMember.type() == srcMember.type());
        const Object dstObj = m_dst.m_allObjects[dstMember.uid()];
        const Object srcObj = m_src.m_allObjects[srcMember.uid()];
        syncObject(dstObj, srcObj);
    }
 
    // *************** Exception ***************
    // *
 
    Exception::Exception() {
    }
 
    Exception::Exception(String format, ...) {
        va_list arg;
        va_start(arg, format);
        Message = assemble(format, arg);
        va_end(arg);
    }
 
    Exception::Exception(String format, va_list arg) {
        Message = assemble(format, arg);
    }
 
    void Exception::PrintMessage() const {
        std::cout << "Serialization::Exception: " << Message << std::endl;
    }
 
    String Exception::assemble(String format, va_list arg) {
        char* buf = NULL;
        vasprintf(&buf, format.c_str(), arg);
        String s = buf;
        free(buf);
        return s;
    }
 
} // namespace Serialization